关于甲型H1N1流感病毒暴露的呼吸防护的常见问答

A：In their guidance “Infection Control for Patients in a Healthcare Setting”, April 29, 2009, the CDC’s current recommendation for respiratory protection is:

答：CDC在2009年4月29日发布的《在医疗设施中开展的患者传染控制措施》指南中，对呼吸防护措施目前是这样建议的：

“All healthcare personnel who enter the rooms of patients in isolation for swine influenza should wear a fit-tested disposable N95 respirator or equivalent (e.g., powered air purifying respirator)*. Respiratory protection should be donned upon room entry.”

“所有进入甲型(H1N1)流感病人隔离病房的医护人员，应佩戴经过适合性检验的随弃式N95级别的呼吸防护口罩，或防护水平相当的呼吸器（如电动送风过滤式呼吸器）*。呼吸器应在进入病房之前佩戴。”

“Note that this recommendation differs from current infection control guidance for seasonal influenza, which recommends that healthcare personnel wear surgical masks for patient care.  The rationale for the use of respiratory protection is that a more conservative approach is needed until more is known about the specific transmission characteristics of this new virus.  This recommendation is also outlined in the October 2006 “Interim Guidance on Planning for the Use of Surgical Masks and Respirators in Healthcare Settings during an Influenza Pandemic” http://www.pandemicflu.gov/plan/healthcare/maskguidancehc.html.”

“应注意，本建议与目前防季节性流感的传染控制措施是不同的。对季节性流感的传染控制建议要求，医护人员在护理病人时应使用外科口罩。采取呼吸防护措施的基本思想是，在对这一新流感病毒毒株的具体传播方式有进一步的了解之前，应采取谨慎的措施。在2006年发布的《大流行性流感爆发期间医疗设施使用外科口罩和呼吸器计划的临时性指南》中，也提出了与此相同的建议。”http://www.pandemicflu.gov/plan/healthcare/maskguidancehc.html.”

*Respirator use should be in the context of a complete respiratory protection program in accordance with Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations. Information on respiratory protection programs and fit test procedures can be accessed at www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/respiratory. Staff should be medically cleared, fit-tested, and trained for respirator use, including: proper fit-testing and use of respirators, safe removal and disposal, and medical contraindications to respirator use.”

*注：应遵照职业安全健康管理局（OSHA）的法规，把呼吸器的使用纳入完整的呼吸保护计划当中。关于呼吸保护计划和适合性检验方法的信息可以在www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/respiratory网站获得。员工应经过医学筛查，经过适合性检验和呼吸器使用的培训，培训包括：正确的适合性检验，呼吸器正确使用方法，安全摘除和废弃呼吸器的方法，以及使用的呼吸器医学禁忌症等内容。

A copy of the CDC documents can be accessed at http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1/

A：On May 1, 2009 the CDC updated “Biosafety Guidelines for Laboratory Workers.”Laboratory workers who may be processing or performing diagnostic testing on clinical specimens from patients with suspected H1N1 influenza virus infection, or performing viral isolation should wear respiratory protection, specified as a fit tested N95 respirator or higher level of protection.

答：2009年5月1日，CDC对《生物安全实验室工作人员指南》进行了修订，要求在实验室分析、处理甲型(H1N1)流感病毒疑似患者临床样本或分离病毒的人员，应使用呼吸器，并明确要求使用经过适合性检验的N95级别或更高级别的呼吸器。

A copy of the CDC documents can be accessed at http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/

可以在http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/网站获得CDC的复本。

A：Yes. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended protective eyewear for healthcare workers providing care for confirmed or suspected A(H1N1) influenza patients. Additionally, theU.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has issued multiple guidances which included recommendations for protective eyewear for healthcare and emergency medical services workers providing care for confirmed or suspected H1N1 influenza patients and laboratory workers. These guidances specify goggles or faceshields as appropriate eyewear for infection control and laboratory activities.The complete WHO and CDC guidance documents should be reviewed carefully to understand all recommendations. www.who.int and www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/

答：是的。世界卫生组织(WHO)已建议，向护理确诊或疑似甲型(H1N1)流感病人的医护人员提供眼面防护用品，此外，美国疾病预防控制中心(CDC)也发布了多项指南，建议向从事确诊或疑似甲型(H1N1)流感病人护理和试验室分析的人员提供眼面防护用品。指南中明确指出，适合的眼面防护用品是指防护眼罩或防护面屏。应仔细阅读WHO和CDC的指南全文www.who.int和www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/，正确理解指南的建议。

Unvented and indirectly vented goggles when used properly, can help provide eye protection from splashes, sprays and droplets.Face shields should have crown and chin protection and wrap around the face to the point of the ear.If a faceshield is used, a primary means of eye protection, such as goggles is still required.

A：At the present time, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) guidance states that a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-certified N95 particulate respirator, or one with an equivalent or higher level of protection, should be used in health care settings and community settings in specific situations.

答：在目前情况下，美国疾病预防控制中心(CDC)在相关导则中指出，在所规定的具体情况下，应使用美国国家职业健康安全研究所(NIOSH)认证的N95级别防颗粒物呼吸器，或具有相当防护级别及更高防护级别的呼吸器，供医疗机构和公共设施的工作人员使用。

At this time the World Health Organization (WHO) is recommending European CE approved particulate respirators, EN149:2001 approved FFP2 or FFP3 disposable respirator or EN143:2000 P2 filters or respirators with higher levels of protection, for use outside the United States to help reduce health care worker’s exposures to airborne organisms in certain situations such as during aerosol generating procedures.

目前，世界卫生组织（WHO）已经建议，在美国以外的国家，可使用获得欧洲CE认证的防颗粒物呼吸器，即按照EN149:2001标准认证的FFP2或FFP3级别随弃式呼吸防护口罩，或按照EN 143:2000 标准认证的P2级别过滤元件或更高防护级别的呼吸器，用于某些情况，如产生气溶胶的治疗过程，帮助降低医护人员对空气传播的病原微生物的暴露。

The WHO has posted the following “interim guidelines” on their Influenza A(H1N1) website, under the area for guidance for Healthcare Management and Facilities, which lists examples of acceptable disposable particulate respirators. “Infection prevention and control of epidemic- and pandemic-prone acute respiratory diseases in health care”, June 2007.

2007年6月WHO发布了《医疗机构在流行性和大流行性急性呼吸道疾病暴发中的传染预防控制措施》临时性指南。WHO甲型（H1N1）流感官方网站上，在针对医疗管理和医疗设施的区域内，张贴了这个指南，指南中列出了可接受的随弃式呼吸防护口罩的目录。

“Examples of acceptable disposable particulate respirators in use in various parts of theworld include:

在世界各地可以使用的、可接受的随弃式防颗粒物呼吸防护口罩包括:

−Australia/New Zealand: P2 (94%), P3 (99.95%)

- 澳大利亚/新西兰：P2 (94%), P3 (99.95%)

−China: II (95%), I (99%)

- 中国：II (95%), I (99%)注1

−European Union: CE-certified filtering face-piece class 2 (FFP2) (95%), or class 3(FFP3) (99.7%)

- 欧共体：获得CE认证的随弃式呼吸器FFP2(95%)注2或FFP3(99.7)注2

−Japan: 2nd class (95%), 3rd class (99.9%)

- 日本：第二级（95%）、第三级（99.9%）

−Republic of Korea: 1st class (94%), special (99.95%)

- 韩国：第一级（94%）、特级（99.95%）

−United States: NIOSH-certified N95 (95%), N99 (99%), N100 (99.7%).”

美国：NIOSH认证的N95（95%）、N99（99%）、N100（99. 7%）注2。”

[注1：此处按照原文翻译，但原文所指呼吸器的过滤效率等级标注错误，应为KN95 (95%)和KN100 99.97%)。

注2：此处原文错误。]

This document can be found at

http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/WHO_CDS_EPR_2007_6c.pdf

这个文件可以在http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/WHO_CDS_EPR_2007_6c.pdf

获得。

The WHO, the CDC and your local health authority should be referenced for the most current information and guidelines.

应您参考WHO、CDC及当地卫生管理机构的最新信息和指南。

If the above listed certified respirators are not available then the facility’s management must make an informed decision as to whether or not to use a respirator that is equivalent to those respirators specified in the CDC or any local guidance. Certain approved respirators, such as those approved as a European or Australian/New Zealand “P1” respirator, are not considered equivalent to those specified in the CDC guidances. Therefore, 3M does not recommend “P1” respirator use in health care or other settings to reduce exposures to the virus that causes H1N1 influenza. Respirator efficiency, fit of the respirator, and wear time all play a role in effectively reducing exposures but they cannot eliminate the risk of contracting infection, illness, or disease. It is anticipated that fitted and properly worn certified respirators will reduce the inhalation exposure to the virus that causes H1N1 influenza.

如果上述认证的呼吸器在当地无法获得，管理者则应在了解信息的基础上，决定是否采用与CDC或当地指南规定的呼吸器等效的呼吸器。有些呼吸器，如获得欧洲、澳大利亚/新西兰认证的“P1”级别的呼吸器，不是与CDC的建议等效的呼吸器，因此，3M不建议向医疗机构或其他设施的工作人员提供“P1”级别的呼吸器，降低甲型(H1N1)流感病毒的暴露。呼吸器的过滤效率、适合性和佩戴时间都是有效降低暴露的重要因素，但这些都不能消除使用者受传染和生病的风险。可以预期的是，正确使用适合的、获得认证的呼吸器，可降低使用者对甲型（H1N1）流感病毒的暴露水平。

It is important to remember any government-approved respirators will help to reduce your exposure but will not eliminate exposure or the risk of contracting disease, illness or infection.

应牢记，任何政府认证的呼吸器都会帮助降低你的暴露水平，但无法消除你受传染和致病的风险。

A:N95 is one of nine classifications for National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) certified particulate respirators.

答：N95是美国国家职业安全健康研究所（NIOSH）认证的9种级别的防颗粒物呼吸防护口罩中的一种。

A：It is probable that swine flu is spread from person to person in several ways. Therefore, a respirator is just one of several preventative measures that can be used to help reduce exposure to the virus that causes swine flu. Respirators are designed to reduce exposures of the wearer to airborne hazards. Biological agents, such as bacteria or viruses, are particles and can be filtered by particulate filters with the same efficiency as non-biological particles having the same physical characteristics (size, shape, etc.).However, unlike most industrial particles there are no exposure limits, such as Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) or Threshold Limit Value (TLV), established for biological agents such as swine influenza virus. Therefore, respirators are not a guarantee that the user will not contract swine flu. Respirators may help reduce exposures to airborne biological contaminants, but they don't eliminate the risk of exposure, infection, illness, or death.
答：甲型（H1N1）流感病毒的人际传播方式有多种可能，因此，在预防甲型（H1N1）流感病毒的综合措施中，使用呼吸器也只作一项内容。呼吸防护口罩设计用于降低使用者对空气中有害物质的暴露水平。微生物（如细菌和病毒）也是颗粒物，能够被颗粒物过滤材料所过滤，达到与自己物理特性（如粒径和形状）相同的非微生物颗粒的过滤效率水平。然而，和绝大多数工业环境中存在的颗粒状污染物不同的是，微生物，如甲型（H1N1）流感病毒没有暴露限值，如职业接触限值（PEL），因此，虽然佩戴呼吸防护口罩能够帮助降低暴露水平，却无法保证使用者绝对不接触甲型（H1N1）流感病毒，不排除存在暴露的可能，不排除受感染、生病甚至死亡的可能。请参考3M技术数据报告TDB#174“微生物危害的呼吸防护”了解更多相关信息。该技术数据报告可通过本常见问答末尾提供的网站链接获得。

A: Medical, surgical and patient care masks are not designed to protect the wearer from inhaling airborne hazards; therefore 3M recommends that they not be used for this purpose, or in place of an approved respirator.
答：医用口罩、外科口罩和病人护理用口罩都不是为预防吸入空气中的有害物质而设计的，因此，3M不建议使用这类口罩，也不建议用这类口罩替代认证的呼吸防护口罩。

A：Respirators are designed to help reduce the wearer’s exposure to airborne particles. The primary purpose of a surgical facemask is to help prevent biological particles from being expelled by the wearer from going into the environment. Surgical masks are also designed to be fluid resistant to splash and splatter of blood and other infectious materials.. Surgical facemasks are not necessarily designed to seal tightly to the face and therefore the potential of air leakage around the edges exists. Even those masks that appear similar to respirators have not been designed to protect the wearer from airborne hazards or tested to the same level of filtration efficiency; therefore they should not be considered an equivalent substitute to government-approved respirators. Some approved respirators are designed to have the characteristics of both an approved respirator and a surgical mask. In the U.S., these products are both approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and cleared by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as surgical masks.
答：呼吸防护口罩是为降低使用者对空气中有害颗粒物的暴露水平而设计的，而外科口罩主要功能是，对使用者排入空气中的飞沫进行阻拦，防止污染环境。外科口罩还设计具有阻隔血液和其它感染性体液飞溅和喷溅的功能，但外科口罩的设计并不需要与脸部有密合的形状，因此，在边缘存在泄漏的可能。即使有些这类口罩的外观与呼吸防护口罩相似，但它们既不是为预防吸入空气中有害颗粒物而设计的，其过滤效率也达不到政府认证呼吸防护口罩所要求的水平，因此，不能将它们视为与政府认证的呼吸防护口罩的等效替代品。有些认证的呼吸防护口罩也设计具备医用外科口罩的功能，在美国，这类产品不仅要经过NIOSH的认证，还要经过食品和药品管理局(FDA)的对其作为外科口罩的批准。

A：Individuals with a compromised respiratory system, such as asthma or emphysema, or people with a history of heart disease should consult a physician before wearing a respirator. When personal protective equipment, including respirators, is used in a professional environment, its use must comply with applicable workplace standards, regulations and policies.In the United States, workers must receive medical clearance to wear a respirator from a licensed health care professional prior to using the respirator.
答：对存在某些呼吸系统疾病的人而言，如患有哮喘或肺气肿等，或有心脏病病史的人，在佩戴呼吸器之前应向医师咨询，了解其现有身体状况是否适合佩戴呼吸器。在工作环境中，如果需要个人防护用品，包括使用呼吸器，防护用品的使用必须遵照适用于工作场所的相关标准、法规和方针。在美国，工人在使用呼吸器之前，必须由有资质的医疗专业人员，对工人是否适合使用呼吸器进行医学筛查。

Respirators are not a guarantee that the user will not contract H1N1 influenza. The following items need to be carefully read and understood.
佩戴呼吸器不保证使用者不接触甲型(H1N1)流感病毒，应仔细阅读并理解以下要点：

• Respirators may help reduce exposure to airborne biological contaminants, but they don't eliminate the risk of exposure, infection, illness, or death.
呼吸器能够帮助降低使用者对空气中的有害微生物的暴露水平，但不能消除暴露、受传染、生病或死亡的风险。

• For greatest effectiveness respirators need to be worn before and during the entire exposure period.
最有效的呼吸防护是在暴露之前佩戴呼吸器，并在暴露期间一直佩戴。

• Respirators may help protect your lungs, however, some biological contaminants may be absorbed through the skin or eyes and other protective equipment may be required.
呼吸器虽然可以帮助保护呼吸道，但有些病原微生物会通过皮肤或眼睛进入人体，因此还需要使用其它防护用品。

• Fit of the respirator to the face is very important. If it does not fit properly, airborne contaminates will penetrate (enter underneath) the facepiece seal.
呼吸器与使用者脸部的适合性（适配行）是非常重要的。适合性不好的情况下，空气污染物就会穿透面部密封（从下面进入）。

• 3M respirators are not designed for children.
3M的呼吸器不是为儿童使用设计的。

• Anything that comes between the respirator and face will make the respirator less effective by interfering with its fit.Men should shave every day that they may use the respirator. Hair, jewelry and clothing should not be between the face and the respirator.
在呼吸器和脸部之间如果夹在任何东西，都会影响适合性。使用呼吸器的男子应每天刮胡子，在呼吸器和脸部之间不得夹在任何毛发、首饰和衣服。

• Training on proper use and limitations, including practice putting the respirator on and wearing it is required for workers before they use the respirator.
在使用呼吸器之前，使用者需要接受培训，了解正确的使用方法和防护的局限性，并练习佩戴。

• Individuals with a compromised respiratory system, such as asthma or emphysema, should consult a physician before wearing a respirator.In the United States, workers must receive medical clearance to wear a respirator from a licensed health care professional prior to using the respirator.
对存在某些呼吸系统疾病的人而言，如患哮喘或肺气肿等，使用呼吸器之前应向医生咨询。在美国，工人在使用呼吸器之前，必须由有资质的医疗专业人员，对工人是否适合使用呼吸器进行医学筛查。

Each facility or individual should use the best available information to determine appropriate respiratory protection for exposures to the virus that causes H1N1 influenza.
每个机构和个人应在尽可能收集信息的基础上，采取正确的呼吸防护措施，预防甲型(H1N1)流感的暴露。

A：Multiple sizes of respirators are not mandatory. Multiple sizes or alternative facepiece designs can provide the individual with additional options for obtaining a good fit and seal. What is important is that the respirator fit the wearer.
答： 并没有强制性规定要求呼吸器一定要分不同的号型。不同的号型或不同的面罩设计可以给使用者提供更多选择，取得良好的适合性和密合性。重要的是，呼吸器要适合使用者的脸型。

A：Fit is very important. If a respirator does not seal tightly to the face, airborne hazards can penetrate or enter underneath the facepiece seal and into the breathing zone. It is very important to always follow the donning instructions and do a user seal-check or fit-check before entering the contaminated environment. A good fit can only be obtained if the face is clean-shaven in the area where the respirator seals against the face. Beards, long mustaches, and stubble may cause leaks into the respirator. Many medical facemasks, not approved as respirators, do not seal tightly to the face allowing airborne hazards to enter the breathing zone. Even those medical facemasks that appear to seal tightly to the face have not been designed to protect the wearer from airborne hazards. Therefore, they should not be considered an equivalent substitute for government-approved respirators.
答：适合性非常重要。如果呼吸器不能紧密地与使用者的面部密合，空气污染物就会从面部密封部位穿透，进入呼吸道。在进入污染环境之前，严格按照使用说明佩戴，并进行佩戴气密性检查是极其重要的。只有把与呼吸器面罩密合区域的胡须刮干净，才可能有好的适合性，大胡子、长胡须和短毛茬都会造成呼吸器的泄漏。许多没有被批准作为呼吸防护口罩的医用口罩，不能与面部密合，空气污染物会直接进入呼吸道。即使那些看起来好像能够紧密密合的医用口罩，也不是为预防吸入空气污染物而设计的，因此，它们不应被认为是政府认证的呼吸防护口罩的等效替代品。

Some approved respirators are designed to have the characteristics of both an approvedrespirator and a surgical mask. In the U.S., these products are both approved by National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and cleared by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a surgical mask. Workplace environments, such as health care facilities, must follow local government standards and regulations concerning respirator use such as training and fit testing.
有些认证的呼吸防护口罩也设计具备医用外科口罩的功能，在美国，这类产品不仅要经过NIOSH的认证，还要经过食品和药品管理局(FDA)的对其作为外科口罩的批准。工作环境中使用呼吸器（如医疗设施），必须遵守当地政府的有关标准和法规，如提供培训和适合性检验等。

InU.S. workplaces, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for respiratory protection (1910.134) must be followed including medical evaluation, training, and fit testing for employees required to use respirators in the workplace. In the U.S., health care workers, and other employees that are required to wear respirators must do a fit test before wearing the respirator for the first time. This fit test must be performed before a new make or model of respirator is worn by the employee. For U.S. employees required to wear a respirator, a user seal check cannot be used as a substitute for the fit test.
在美国的工作场所，职业安全卫生管理局（OSHA）对呼吸防护的要求（CFR1910.134）包括对雇员进行医学筛查、培训、适合性检验。在美国，医疗机构内的医护人员及在工作场所中使用呼吸器的其他雇员，在第一次佩戴呼吸器时，都必须进行适合性检验。适合性检验在佩戴一款新的呼吸器时也是必须的。对使用呼吸器的美国雇员而言，呼吸器的佩戴气密性检查不能代替适合性检验的。

In countries where the OSHA standards do not apply, health care workers and other employees required to wear a respirator should follow applicable national workplace standards, regulations and policies concerning use, fit-testing/checking and training. 3M recommends that fit testing and training always be conducted.
在不适用OSHA标准的国家，需要佩戴呼吸器的医护人员和其他雇员，应遵守当地适用的有关使用、适合性检验/检查和以及培训的标准、法规和方针。3M建议，对呼吸器的使用，永远都要进行适合性检验和使用者培训。

A：A tight sealing respirator, one where the sealing surface contacts the face, will not provide an adequate seal when placed over any amount of facial hair. A bearded worker will typically require a powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) with a hood or helmet.
答：使用密合型呼吸器面罩要求密封垫与脸部紧密密合，而有毛发的部位是无法密合的。通常，留胡子的人可使用配头罩或头盔的电动送风过滤式呼吸器（PAPR）。

A：The User Instructions for a 3M respirator contain the proper procedures for putting on the respirator and checking for fit and seal. It is very important to read and follow the donning instructions very carefully and to conduct a fit check or user seal check every time the respirator is put on. The user instructions are provided with the original packaging of the respirator.
答：3M呼吸器的使用说明中都包括有佩戴方法和检查佩戴气密性的步骤。每次佩戴呼吸器时，仔细阅读使用说明，并按照说明的指导进行佩戴气密性检查是非常重要的。呼吸器原包装会提供使用说明书。

Donning Instructions for 3M Filtering Facepiece Respirators for Workers can be found at the following 3M websites as well:
3M随弃式呼吸防护口罩的佩戴方法也可以在以下网站获得：

Fit Instructions for Cup-Shaped Filtering Facepiece Respirators, Professionals - Bulletin

http://multimedia.mmm.com/mws/mediawebserver.dyn?6666660Zjcf6lVs6EVs666vQFCOrrrrQ-

Respirador Libre de Mantenimiento en Forma de Copa, Profesionales - Boletín

http://multimedia.mmm.com/mws/mediawebserver.dyn?6666660Zjcf6lVs6EVs666vQfCOrrrrQ-

Fit Instructions for Filtering Facepiece Three-PanelRespirator - Bulletin

http://multimedia.mmm.com/mws/mediawebserver.dyn?6666660Zjcf6lVs6EVs666vQDCOrrrrQ-

Respirador Libre de Mantenimiento Plegable - Boletín

A：The User Instructions for a 3M respirator contain the proper procedures for putting on the respirator and checking for fit and seal. It is very important to read and follow the donning instructions very carefully and to conduct a fit check or user seal check every time the respirator is put on. The user instructions are provided with the original packaging of the respirator. Additionally, the website links listed in the previous question contain the proper procedures for putting on the respirator and checking for fit and seal for 3M filtering facepiece respirators.
答：3M呼吸器的使用说明中都包括有佩戴方法和检查佩戴气密性的步骤。每次佩戴呼吸器时，仔细阅读使用说明，并按照说明的指导进行佩戴气密性检查是非常重要的。呼吸器原包装会提供使用说明书。此外，在上一个问题的回答中也提供了正确佩戴3M随弃式呼吸防护口罩，检查佩戴气密性方法的网站链接。

User seal checks (fit checks) are to be performed in non-contaminated or clean areas only.If, during the user seal check (fit check), you notice air leakage around the edges of the respirator you should readjust the respirator. If you still notice air leakage, you should remove the respirator (in a clean area only). Review the instructions, if necessary, to make sure that you are putting it on correctly. Inspect the respirator to make sure that there is no damage to the respirator. You must be clean-shaven. Be sure that there is no hair, clothing or jewelry between your skin and the edge of the respirator. Put the respirator on again, according to the manufacturer’s directions. Do a user seal check (fit check). If you still cannot achieve a proper seal, do not enter the contaminated area. You may need to obtain a different size, make or model respirator. In the U.S. and certain other countries, workers need to pass a fit test before wearing a respirator for the first time. If you do not pass a fit test on the first try, you should remove the respirator. Reread the instructions and put it on again. Conduct a user seal check (fit check). If you do not feel any air leakage around the respirator edges, then you should try the fit test again. If you fail the fit test on the second try, do not enter the contaminated area. You should obtain a different size, make or model of respirator. Follow local regulations regarding fit testing.
佩戴气密性检查只能在无污染或洁净的区域内进行。如果在检查过程中发现呼吸器的边缘存在泄漏，您应该重新调整呼吸器。如果调整后仍然有泄露，应摘除呼吸器（只能在洁净区域内操作），如果必要，可温习一遍使用说明，确认您的佩戴方法是正确的。也可以检查一下，确认呼吸器没有破损。要确认胡须是刮干净的，在呼吸器的和脸密封部位没有夹在毛发、首饰或衣服，然后重新按照制造商的使用说明佩戴呼吸器，并进行佩戴气密性检查。如果您仍然无法确认呼吸器密合，不要进入污染区，您可能更换呼吸器的号型，或更换品牌或型号。在美国和其他一些国家，在第一次使用一款呼吸器时，必须进行适合性检验。如果您在第一次适合性检验时没有通过，您需要摘掉呼吸器，重新阅读一遍使用说明，然后再佩戴并进行佩戴气密性检查。如果您第二次仍然无法通过适合性检验，不要进入污染区，您仍然需要更换呼吸器的号型、品牌或型号。请遵守当地的适合性检验的有关规定。

A：In the U.S. there is currently no regulatory requirement for manufacturers of respiratory protection devices to include storage or shelf life information. In their Respiratory Protection standard, 29 CFR 1910.134, OSHA does require that respirators be stored to protect them from damage, contamination, dust, sunlight, extreme temperatures, excessive moisture, and damaging chemicals, and that they be stored to prevent deformation of the facepiece and exhalation valve. OSHA also requires respirators be stored in accordance with any applicable manufacturer instructions and that the wearer inspect the product prior to use. If a user finds a respirator that has damage to a component they should discard it and get a different respirator of the same model.
答：在美国，目前的法规中并没有要求制造商必须提供呼吸器有效存放期的信息。在OSHA 的呼吸保护标准29CFR1910.134中，规定呼吸器应储存在安全、无污染、无尘、无日光照射、无极端温度、无高湿、无有害化学物的环境中，储存中应防止呼吸器面罩和呼气阀的变形。OSHA还要求，应按照制造商的使用说明条件储存呼吸器，使用者在使用前应检查呼吸器，确保完好。如果使用者发现呼吸器部件已经损坏，应将其废弃，应更换一个相同型号的新的呼吸器。

Although there is currently no shelf life stated on most 3M NIOSH approved filtering facepiece respirators, respirator shelf life will benefit from controlled storage conditions. 3M recommends filtering facepiece respirators be stored in their original packaging within climatic conditions ranging from -4°F (-20°C) to +86°F (+30°C)and not exceeding 80% RH.. Always inspect product and conduct a user seal check before use as specified in the User Instructions. Examine all the respirator parts for signs of damage including the headbands, nose foam and staples, If a user finds a respirator that has damage to a component they should discard it and get a different respirator of the same model. If you cannot achieve a proper seal, do not use the respirator.
尽管3M获得NIOSH认证的绝大多数随弃式呼吸器目前都没有提供有效存放期，但对存放条件的控制，会有益于呼吸器的有效存放。3M建议，将随弃式呼吸器存放在原包装中，存放温度不超过-20°C (-4°F)至 +30°C (+86°F)的范围，湿度不超过80%RH。使用之前务必对呼吸器进行检查，并按照使用说明进行佩戴气密性检查。检查呼吸器应包括对所有部件的检查，即头带、鼻垫和钉子。如果使用者发现呼吸器部件已经损坏，应将其废弃，应更换一个相同型号的新的呼吸器。如果您无法取得正确的密合，请不要使用这个呼吸器。

Outside the United States shelf life ("use by" dates) and/or storage conditions are commonly required by country respirator certification standards. Such statements are found on many of the products manufactured to other requirements, including European standards (CE marked), where the end of shelf life and storage conditions (temperature and humidity) are required by the regulation to be communicated on the packaging. Typical use by dates for filtering facepiece respirators are in the three to five year range for product stored in the conditions specified on the packaging.
在美国以外的国家，呼吸器认证标准中通常要求呼吸器提供有效的存放期（在XX日期前使用），在按照其他国家的规定，包括按照欧洲标准（CE标记）制造的呼吸器的包装上，会提供有效存放期和存放条件（温度和湿度）。在包装上规定的存放条件下，随弃式呼吸防护口罩的有效存放期通常为制造之日起3至5年。

A：Disposable respirators should never be shared.
答：绝对不要与他人合用随弃式呼吸防护口罩。

A：BFE stands for Bacterial Filtration Efficiency. This test evaluates how well a surgical mask can prevent biological particlesexpelled by the wearer from entering into the environment. Some approved respirators are designed to have the characteristics of both an approved respirator and a surgical mask and they will also have been tested for BFE.Bioaerosol particles generated during the BFE test are “large,” on the order of 1 to 5 microns in size. For comparison, particles used for respirator filter efficiency tests are much smaller, approximately 0.3 microns in size. The BFE test is a relative indicator of the performance of a medical, surgical or patient care mask but the results are not comparable to respirator certification filtration efficiency.
答：BFE就是细菌过滤效率的意思，是评价外科口罩防止使用者将细菌排入环境的性能的测试方法。有些获得认证的呼吸防护口罩也设计具有外科口罩的功能，因此也会测试BFE。BFE检测过程中所使用的微生物气溶胶颗粒比较大，粒径在1至5微米范围。相比之下，检测呼吸器过滤效率所使用的颗粒物粒径要小许多，只有大约0.3微米。BFE的检测结果只是医用口罩性能的一个相对性指标，不能与呼吸器的过滤效率相提并论。

A：They are not necessarily tested for Bacterial Filtration Efficiency (BFE). The BFE result has little meaning for government-certified respirators. More stringent filter efficiency tests are used for certification testing of respirators. The manufacturers of combination approved respirator/surgical masks will publish BFE results. BFE results are not necessarily useful for applications outside of the health care industry.
答：认证的呼吸防护口罩没有必要经过BFE检测。 BFE的检测结果对政府认证呼吸防护口罩没有意义，对呼吸防护口罩要进行的是更严格的过滤效率的检测。那些生产同时具有呼吸防护口罩和外科口罩功能产品的制造商，会公布产品的BFE检测结果，除医用，BFE检测结果对其它应用是没有意义的。

A：A valved respirator is designed to allow for easy exhalation through a one-way exhalation valve. If a person is wearing a respirator to help reduce his or her exposure to airborne viruses, a respirator with an exhalation valve would be acceptable. It would not be acceptable for someone to wear a valved respirator if they have a are suspected/probable/confirmed case of H1N1 influenza, as they may be exhaling airborne viruses into the environment.
答：带呼气阀的呼吸防护口罩，其设计是靠一个单向开启的阀，直接将呼气排出口罩之外。若呼吸防护口罩用于预防使用者对空气中悬浮的病毒的暴露，带呼气阀的呼吸防护口罩是可以使用的。如果使用者本人是甲型(H1N1)流感确诊或疑似病人，通过呼气阀，他们将会把病毒排入环境空气中，因此这类人不能使用带呼气阀的呼吸防护口罩。

For other situations where healthcare workers are required to wear a respirator the use of a valved respirator must be in accordance with national guidelines. For example, in some regions of the world such as the U.S. and Canada, it is not acceptable for a healthcare worker to wear a valved respirator in a situation requiring a sterile environment, such as the operating room.
关于医护人员是否能够使用带呼气阀的呼吸器的问题，应遵守各国的有关导则。例如，在某些国家和地区，如加拿大和美国，不允许医护人员在一个消过毒的环境中（如手术室）佩戴有呼气阀的呼吸器。

Respirators should not be worn by a person whose respiratory system has been compromised or who may have trouble breathing through a respirator, unless otherwise advised by your personal physician.
除非您的医师建议，有呼吸系统疾病的人，或戴口罩感觉呼吸困难的人，是不适合戴呼吸防护口罩的。

A：The CDC’s “Interim Guidance on Infection Control and Antiviral Recommendations for Patients with Confirmed or Suspected Swine Influenza A Virus Infection” updated on April 24, 2009 states that an“ill person should wear a surgical mask when outside of the patient room,“.Additionally the CDC recommends frequent hand washing, following good respiratory hygiene practices, not sharing cups and utensil and applying routine cleaning and disinfection practices used during influenza season.
答：CDC在2009年4月24日更新的《关于确诊或疑似甲型(H1N1)流感病毒感染者的传染控制和抗病毒建议临时性指南》中，要求“病人在走出病房期间应佩戴外科口罩”，除此之外，CDC的建议还包括，经常洗手，遵守正确的呼吸道卫生措施，不共用水杯和器皿，并在流感爆发期间对它们定期清洗和消毒。

The CDC is not recommending the use of respirators by influenza patients at this time. 3M recommends that patients, and any individual, whose respiratory system has been compromised or who may have trouble breathing through a respirator, consult with their personal physician before donning a respirator.
目前，CDC还未建议流感病人使用呼吸器。3M的建议是，任何有呼吸道疾病的病人，或使用呼吸器感觉呼吸困难的个人，在使用呼吸器之前应向自己的保健医师咨询。

A：The health care facility must determine the need to provide fluid resistant respirators to their health care workers and for which tasks fluid resistant respirators are necessary. In the U.S., the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has specific provisions under the Bloodborne Pathogen Standard that specifically details the “appropriateness” of personal protective equipment used by health care workers. Fluid resistance is the ability of a respirator’s or mask’s material construction to minimize a high pressure stream of fluid from traveling through the material and potentially coming in contact with the user of the facemask. If the mask or respirator comes in contact with blood or body fluids of a suspected or confirmed influenza patient, it is recommended the respirator be changed as soon as possible. Respirators should only be removed when the wearer is in an area that is considered free of airborne hazards, including confirmed or suspected influenza patients.
答：关于向医护人员提供阻隔液体的呼吸防护口罩的必要性问题，或在哪个治疗过程中应使用阻隔液体的呼吸防护口罩的问题，是由各医疗机构自行判断的。在美国，OSHA在《血液携带性病原体标准》中，对医护人员使用的个人防护用品，就“适当性判断”有具体的说明。阻隔液体的性能是，呼吸防护口罩或外科口罩的材料结构，在高压液体流的冲击下，阻隔液体穿透口罩材料，降低液体与使用者直接接触的能力。当口罩和呼吸防护口罩使用中直接接触了确诊或疑似流感患者的血液或体液，应尽快更换口罩。呼吸防护口罩只能在无污染的环境中，包括无确诊或疑似流感病人的环境中摘除。

A：Prior to entering a health care setting, visitors should consult with the facility’s Infection Control Practitioner regarding visitor policies.
答：在进入医疗设施之前，访问人员应咨询该设施内传染控制机构，了解有关访客的政策。

A：Under no circumstances should an attempt be made to clean or wash a disposable respirator.
答：任何时候都不应试图清洗随弃式呼吸防护口罩。

A：The recommendations of the local health authority and the facilities infection control practitioner should be followed.
答：应按照当地卫生管理部门和医疗机构的传染控制措施建议执行。

A：The recommendations of the local health authority and the facilities infection control practitioner should be followed.Respirators may be used according to local guidelines, until they become damaged, or contaminated with blood or body fluids. Otherwise a respirator should be stored in a clean environment to protect it from damage, contamination, dust, sunlight, extreme temperatures, and damaging chemicals. Respirators must also be properly stored to prevent their deformation. Wearers should remove their respirator only when they are in an area that is considered free of airborne hazards, including confirmed or suspected H1N1 influenza patients.
答：应根据当地政府的传染控制建议使用呼吸防护口罩。呼吸防护口罩在损坏或受到血液或体液污染时应该废弃。此外，应将呼吸防护口罩储存在洁净的环境中，防止受到损坏、污染、粉尘、阳光直射、极端温度和有害化学物的损坏，储存中还应避免呼吸防护口罩变形。佩戴者只能在确认没有空气污染物，包括没有确诊或疑似甲型(H1N1)流感病人存在的区域中摘除呼吸防护口罩。

A：The recommendations of the respirator manufacturer, the local health authority and the facilities infection control practitioner should be followed.
答：应遵循呼吸器制造商、当地的卫生管理部门和传染控制机构的指导建议，废弃呼吸防护口罩。

A：The risk of inhaling particles that have been collected by the filter is very low, particularly in very clean areas (such as a patient care setting or a home). When particles are collected on a filter they are strongly held to the filter. Breathing through a filter has not been shown to dislodge the particles collected in that filter. However, it is important to understand that proper use of respirators only reduces your exposure to particles and does not prevent the risk of some exposure.
答：吸入从呼吸器过滤元件上散发下来的微生物颗粒的机会是非常低的，尤其是在非常洁净的环境中（如护理病房或在家中）。当呼吸器把空气中的颗粒物过滤下来以后，它们会被过滤材料牢牢地捕获住，没有迹象表明能够从过滤材料上呼吸到散发下来的颗粒物。然而，重要的是要能理解，正确使用呼吸器只能降低您对颗粒物的暴露水平，但不能完全把风险消除掉。

A: When particles are collected on a filter they are strongly held to the filter. Proper and normal use of a respirator has not been shown to reaerosolize the particles collected in that filter. Just because particles may not reaerosolize, does not mean that a respirator can be reused. The recommendations of the local health authority and the facilities infection control practitioner regarding reuse should be followed.
答：当呼吸器把空气中的颗粒物过滤下来以后，它们会被过滤材料牢牢地捕获住，在常规状态的正确使用条件下，没有迹象表明这些被过滤下来的颗粒物会重新进入空气中。虽然颗粒物通常不会被重新散发，但也并不意味着呼吸器可以被重复使用。大家应遵照当地的卫生管理部门和传染控制机构的关于呼吸器重复使用的建议来执行。

A：None of 3M’s National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) approved N95, N100, R95, P95, or P100 disposable respirators contain components made from natural rubber latex. This is stated on each original packaging of these respirators. Many 3M respirators sold outside the U.S. do not contain components made from latex. However, there are some that contain natural rubber latex components and these respirators carry a statement on the primary packaging similar to the following: “This product contains components which contain natural rubber latex which may cause allergic reaction.” If you require information on which 3M products contain natural rubber latex components, please contact your local 3M office.
答：3M所有获得美国职业安全健康研究所(NIOSH)认证的N95、N100、R95、P95或P100级别随弃式呼吸防护口罩都不会含有天然橡胶，在产品的原始包装上都有关于天然橡胶成分的信息。3M在美国以外销售的许多呼吸防护口罩也都不含天然橡胶，然而，也有一些产品确实含有天然橡胶，在产品的原始包装中会提供这些信息：“本产品的部件中含有天然橡胶的成分，天然橡胶有可能导致过敏反应”。如果您想了解哪款3M产品含有天然橡胶，请和当地的3M办事处联系。

A：For the following National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) filter designations N stands for Not Resistant to oil; R stands for Resistant to oil; and P stands for oil Proof.
答：对经过NIOSH 认证防颗粒物呼吸器过滤元件，N指不适合油性的颗粒物，R指可以抵抗油性的颗粒物，P指能够防油性颗粒物。

A：No. All 3M disposable respirators have filter media made from polypropylene and coverings typically made from a combination of polypropylene, polyester.
答：不。所有3M生产的随弃式呼吸防护口罩都不含玻璃纤维。口罩的过滤层为聚丙烯材质，口罩表面的材料含聚丙烯和聚酯。

For more information, visitwww.3M.com/OccSafety or www.3M.com/swineflu 。
欲了解更多信息，请访问www.3M.com/OccSafety or www.3M.com/swineflu网站。

A：Facemasks and N95 respirators are devices that when properly worn may help prevent the spread of germs (viruses and bacteria) from one person to another.
答：口罩（或称外科口罩）和N95呼吸防护口罩在正确佩戴的情况下，都能够帮助降低微生物（病毒和细菌）从一个人向其他人的传播。

Facemasks and N95 respirators do not provide complete protection from airborne germs and other contaminants.  They are one part of an infection-control strategy that should also include frequent hand washing, social distancing, and staying home when sick.
外科口罩和N95呼吸防护口罩对空气中的微生物或其他污染物都不提供完全的防护，都只是综合性传染控制措施的一个组成部分，传染控制措施还包括勤洗手、人与人之间保持一定的社交距离和生病时呆在家中。

Facemasks and N95 respirators should not be shared. Facemasks and respirators may become contaminated with germs (viruses and bacteria) that can be spread between people.  
外科口罩和N95呼吸防护口罩都不能和他人共用。使用后外科口罩和N95呼吸防护口罩都会被微生物（病毒和细菌）污染，共用口罩会传播病毒和细菌。

It is important to understand that if you are exposed to infectious material while wearing a facemask or N95 respirator, it should be considered contaminated. After you remove it and dispose of it properly, wash your hands thoroughly.
重要的是应该理解，如果您在暴露于传染物质期间佩戴了外科口罩或N95呼吸防护口罩，那么就应该认为口罩已经被污染了，在摘掉、丢弃口罩之后，应彻底清洗您的双手。

A：A facemask is a loose-fitting, disposable device that creates a physical barrier between the mouth and nose of the wearer and potential contaminants in the immediate environment.
答：外科口罩与脸的配合是宽松式的，作为一个物理屏障，它可以将使用者的口和鼻与外面的可能的污染空气进行隔离。

If worn properly, a facemask is meant to help block large-particle droplets, splashes, sprays or splatter that may contain germs (viruses and bacteria) from reaching your mouth and nose. Facemasks may also help reduce exposure of your saliva and respiratory secretions to others.
如果正确佩戴，外科口罩可以帮助阻挡可能含有微生物（病毒和细菌）的大颗粒的液滴、飞溅物或喷溅物接触到您的口和鼻，外科口罩还会帮助降低他人对您的唾液和呼吸道分泌物的暴露。

While a facemask may be effective in blocking splashes and large-particle droplets, a facemask, by design, does not filter or block very small particles in the air that may be transmitted by coughs, sneezes or certain medical procedures. Facemasks also do not provide complete protection from germs and other contaminants because of the loose fit between the surface of the facemask and your face.
尽管外科口罩会有效阻挡飞溅物和大颗粒液滴，但从设计上讲，它无法有效过滤或隔离空气中的微小的颗粒物，如在咳嗽、打喷嚏或在某些治疗过程中产生的气溶胶。由于外科口罩和使用者脸部的配合是宽松式的，对微生物和其他污染物的防护是不完全的。

An N95 respirator is a respiratory protective device designed to achieve a very close facial fit and efficient filtration of airborne particles. In addition to blocking splashes, sprays and large droplets, the respirator is also designed to help prevent the wearer from breathing in small particles that may be in the air.
N95呼吸防护口罩是一种呼吸防护用品，其设计可保持与脸部的紧密密合，并可有效过滤空气中的微小颗粒物。在能阻挡飞溅物、喷溅物和大颗粒液滴的同时，呼吸防护口罩的设计也能帮助防止使用者吸入空气中的微小颗粒物。

To work as expected, an N95 respirator requires a proper fit to your face.  It is designed to fit tightly over your mouth and nose, with no gaps.  And gaps will allow air to pass around and reach your nose, mouth, and lungs without being filtered. 
为达到预期的防护效果，N95呼吸防护口罩必须适合您的脸型，其设计应能与您的口鼻区取得紧密的密合，没有缝隙，如果存在任何缝隙，空气就会不经过滤，直接进入您的呼吸道。

The ‘N95’ designation means that when subjected to careful testing, the respirator blocks at least 95 percent of small test particles. If properly fitted, the filtration capabilities of N95 respirators exceed those of face masks. However, even a properly fitted N95 respirator does not completely eliminate the risk of contracting illness through airborne viral particles.
“N95”标记的意思是，经过严格的测试，呼吸防护口罩能够至少将95%的微小颗粒物过滤掉。如果N95呼吸防护口罩与使用者脸部适合，其对空气的过滤能力会超过外科口罩，然而，即使N95呼吸防护口罩能够适合使用者的脸型，但也不能完全消除使用者对空气中病毒颗粒的暴露风险，保证不生病。

N95 respirators are not designed for children or people with facial hair.  Because a proper fit cannot be achieved on children and people with facial hair, the N95 respirator may not provide the expected protection. Also, people with chronic respiratory, cardiac, or other medical conditions that make it harder to breathe should check with their healthcare provider before using an N95 respirator because the N95 respirator can require more effort to breathe.
N95呼吸防护口罩不是为儿童和面部有毛发的人设计的，因为N95呼吸防护口罩不能与儿童的脸或有毛发的脸部取得紧密的密合，使它无法达到预期的防护效果。此外，使用呼吸防护口罩会产生呼吸阻力，有慢性呼吸道疾病、心脏病的人员，或其他戴上口罩后感觉呼吸困难的人，在使用N95呼吸防护口罩之前，应向保健医师咨询。

FDA has cleared the following N95 respirators for use by the general public in public health medical emergencies:
FDA已经批准下述N95呼吸防护口罩供普通公众在公共卫生突发事件中使用：

3M™ Particulate Respirator 8670F
3M™ 8670F 颗粒物呼吸防护口罩

3M™ Particulate Respirator 8612F
3M™ 8612F颗粒物呼吸防护口罩

Pasture Tm F550G Respirator
Pasture Tm F550G 呼吸防护口罩

Pasture Tm A520G Respirator
Pasture Tm A520G 呼吸防护口罩

These devices are labeled "NOT for occupational use.”
这些防护用品都标注有“非职业用”的字样。

A：When worn properly, N95 respirators help reduce your exposure to airborne germs.  They do not provide complete protection from airborne germs and other contaminants, however. They are one part of an infection-control strategy that should also include frequent hand washing and staying home when sick.
答：在正确使用的前提下，N95呼吸防护口罩能帮助降低您对空气中微生物的暴露水平，但对空气中的微生物和其他污染物不提供完整的防护，只是作为传染控制措施的一个组成部分，传染控制措施还包括勤洗手和生病时呆在家中

A：Disposable N95 respirators are not intended to be used over long periods of time. If the respirator is damaged, torn or soiled, or if it becomes difficult to breathe while wearing it, remove it and replace it with a new one.
答：随弃式N95呼吸防护口罩不是为长时间使用而设计的，当呼吸防护口罩破损、被玷污或变得呼吸阻力增加时，就应该更换。

It is important to understand that if you are exposed to infectious material while wearing an N95 respirator, your respirator should be considered contaminated. After you remove it and dispose of it properly, wash your hands thoroughly.
重要的是应该理解，如果您在暴露于传染性物质期间佩戴N95呼吸防护口罩，就应该认为口罩已经被污染了，在摘掉并正确废弃口罩之后，应彻底清洗双手。

Additional references on this can be found at the following:
以下额外信息供大家参考：

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
美国疾病预防控制中心

“Recommendations for Facemask and Respirator Use in Certain Community Settings Where H1N1 Flu Virus Transmission Has Been Detected”
《当某些社区设施发现有甲型(H1N1)流感传播时对口罩和呼吸器使用的建议》

http://www.cdc.gov/swineflu/masks.htm

“The Department of Health and Human Services Guidelines for the Use of Facemasks and Respirators in Non-Occupational Settings during an Influenza Pandemic”
《健康和人类服务部对非职业性场所流感爆发期间使用口罩和呼吸器的指南》

http://www.pandemicflu.gov/plan/community/maskguidancecommunity.htm

A：Disposable N95 respirators are not intended to be used more than once. They should also never be shared. Their protective capabilities cannot be assured when they are reused either by yourself or another person. Perhaps more importantly, by sharing, one may inadvertently be exposing another person to infectious material.
答：随弃式N95呼吸防护口罩不能重复使用，也绝对不能与他人共用。自己或别人重复使用时，防护能力不能保证，更重要的是，通过共用口罩，在不经意之间会使别人受到传染性物质的暴露。

It is important to understand that if you are exposed to infectious material while wearing an N95 respirator, your respirator should be considered contaminated. After you remove it and dispose of it properly, wash your hands thoroughly.
重要的是应该理解，如果您在暴露于传染性物质期间佩戴N95呼吸防护口罩，就应该认为口罩已经被污染了，在摘掉并正确废弃口罩之后，应彻底清洗双手。

A：Personal protective equipment (PPE) is any type of face mask, glove, eye shield, or specialized clothing that acts as a barrier between infectious materials and the skin, mouth, nose, or eyes (mucous membranes). When used properly, PPE can help prevent the spread of infection from blood, body fluids, or respiratory secretions. 
答：个人防护用品(PPE)是指任何类型的口罩、手套、眼面防护面屏或专用的防护服，隔离皮肤、口、鼻或眼睛（粘膜），免受传染物质暴露的用品。在正确使用的条件下，PPE能够帮助防止血液、体液或呼吸道分泌物所造成的传染。

The U.S. Department of Labor's Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires employers to provide appropriate PPE for workers who could be exposed to blood or other infectious materials (bloodborne pathogens). OSHA may also require employers to provide PPE to protect against other hazards at work. Although OSHA requires the use of specific equipment, it does not regulate the marketing of these devices nor grant claims of disease prevention. For more information, go to http://www.OSHA.gov.
美国劳工部职业安全健康管理局(OSHA)要求雇主，向暴露于血液或其他传染性物质的工人提供适用的PPE，OSHA还要求雇主提供PPE预防工作中的其他危害。尽管OSHA对具体环境中使用PPE提出要求，但OSHA并不对这些产品的上市和对产品关于疾病预防功能的说明进行管理。请访问OSHA官方网站http://www.OSHA.gov了解更多信息。

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) gives recommendations for protecting yourself from infection, including swine flu. For more information, go to http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/.
美国疾病预防控制中心(CDC)对预防传染，包括甲型(H1N1)流感的预防提出了建议，请访问CDC官方网站http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/了解更多信息。

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has established certification requirements for various respiratory PPE, which are found at 42 CFR part 84. NIOSH tests products for compliance with these regulations and issues a certification for products that comply. NIOSH certification evaluates the performance of respiratory protection equipment in functional terms and not in terms of claims for use in preventing disease.  Employers subject to OSHA and the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) regulation may be required to provide NIOSH-certified respiratory protection equipment to satisfy their OSHA and MSHA requirements.
美国国家职业安全健康研究所(NIOSH)对各类呼吸防护PPE制定了认证要求，在42CFR 84标准中有具体规定。NIOSH负责测试这些产品，确认其符合认证标准，并发出认证证书。NIOSH对呼吸器的防护功能进行认证，但不负责审查产品有关疾病预防的使用说明。服从OSHA和矿山安全健康管理局(MSHA)法规的雇主需要提供NIOSH认证的呼吸器给雇员使用，以满足OSHA和MSHA的要求。

A：For more information on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), go to:
答：如欲了解更多PPE的信息，请访问下面这个网站：

http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/ppe

A: The FDA issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for certain disposable respirators known as N95 respirators.  This EUA permits the deployment of these products, accompanied by fact sheets with information for use during the 2009 H1N1 flu virus emergency, from the Strategic National Stockpile for use by the general public to help reduce wearer exposure to airborne germs during this emergency. The term "general public" in this EUA is broad and includes people performing work-related duties.
答：FDA发布了某些N95随弃式呼吸防护口罩“紧急使用许可”(EUA)，EUA允许从国家战略储备中调用这些产品，配上2009甲型(H1N1)流感爆发期使用的说明书，提供普通公众使用，帮助降低这次突发事件中大家对空气中微生物的暴露。EUA所指的“普通公众”是广义上的，包括工作中的人群。

A: The FDA’s EUA for certain disposable N95 respirators for use by the general public during the 2009 H1N1 flu emergency is limited to only those products deployed from the Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) before or after the signing of the EUA on April 27, 2009.  The specific products covered by the EUA are identified by manufacturer and model number (see http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/emergency/N95-authorization.html).
答：FDA的EAU只限于国家战略储备(SNS)中所储备的那几款随弃式N95呼吸防护口罩，在2009年4月27日EAU发布前和发布后的期间内，允许普通公众在2009甲型(H1N1)流感爆发期间使用，EUA包括了产品的制造商和型号信息(参见http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/emergency/N95-authorization.html)。

A: The FDA’s EUA for certain disposable N95 respirators for use by the general public does not permit the re-use of N95 respirators. 
答：FDA对对某些随弃式N95呼吸防护口罩发布的EAU不允许它们在医疗机构内重复使用。

A: Yes, the term "general public" in this EUA is broad and includes people performing work-related duties, for example in occupational health care settings.  However, this EUA does not affect Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements.  If respirators are used for people in occupational settings, employers must comply with the OSHA Respiratory Protection Standard, (29 CFR 1910.134), which can be found at http://www.OSHA.gov.
答：包括。EUA所指的“普通公众”是广义上的，包括工作的人群，如在专业的医疗机构中工作的人员。然而，EUA并不与职业安全健康管理局(OSHA)的要求冲突，如果在工作场所中需要使用呼吸器，雇主必须遵守OSHA的呼吸保护标准（29CFR1910.134）。在http://www.OSHA.gov网站可以找到这个标准。

A:  No, the EUA does not waive fit testing and other OSHA requirements that apply when respirators are used for people performing work-related duties.
答：没有。EUA并没有取消适合性检验及OSHA对工作中使用呼吸器的管理要求。

The FDA’s EUA and accompanying fact sheet can be found on the FDA’s Web site at: http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/emergency/h1n1influenza.html.  For further information on OSHA requirements, go to http://www.OSHA.gov.
FDA的EUA和使用说明可以在FDA的官方网站http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/emergency/h1n1influenza.html获得。欲了解更多关于OSHA法规的要求，请访问OSHA的官方网站http://www.OSHA.gov。

A：Neither Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) nor the World Health Organization (WHO) have provided any recommendations for cleaning or sanitizing respirators. The US Environmental Protection Agency has stated that “based on available scientific information, the currently registered influenza virus A products will be effective against the 2009-H1N1 flu strain, and other influenza A virus strains on hard, non-pourous surfaces.”1 They state that the products instructions must be followed carefully, particularly the dilution rate (if applicable) and contact time. The EPA’s full statement can be reviewed at http://www.epa.gov/oppad001/influenza-disinfectants.html.
答：美国疾病预防控制中心（CDC）和世界卫生组织（WHO）都未对呼吸器的清洗、消毒方法提出建议。美国环境保护署（EPA）提出声明，“基于现有的科学信息，目前得到注册的甲型流感病毒消毒产品将对无孔硬表面上的2009年甲型H1N1流感病毒毒株及其他甲型流感病毒毒株有效。”1，EPA还指出，必须严格按照产品使用指引操作，尤其是稀释比例（如果适用）和保持接触的时间。可以访问以下链接浏览EPA声明的全文：http://www.epa.gov/oppad001/influenza-disinfectants.html

Refer to the User Instructions for the specific facepiece or Powered Air Purifying Respirator (PAPR) unit and headgear used to identify the components that can be cleaned. For example, filters cannot be cleaned or disinfected and should be properly disposed of.
应参考具体型号的呼吸器面罩或电动送风过滤式呼吸器（PAPR）和头罩的使用说明书，了解可以清洗的部件。过滤元件不能清洗或消毒，应正确废弃。

In some parts of the world 3M offers a U.S. EPA registered disinfectant the 3M™ Twist ‘n FillTM Neutral Quat Disinfectant #23. This is a low level hospital grade quaternary ammonium disinfectant cleaner that is effective against a broad spectrum of bacteria and is virucidal and fungicidal. This 3M disinfectant is EPA approved against influenza A or A2.
在一些国家和地区，3M™ Twist ‘n FillTM Neutral Quat Disinfectant #23是一种在美国EPA经过注册的消毒剂产品，在一些国家和地区有销售。这是一种低级的医院专用级季铵盐类消毒剂产品，具有广谱杀菌的效果，可杀灭真菌和病毒。经EPA批准，3M这款消毒剂可用于甲型或甲II型流感病毒[注]。

With any disinfecting agent, follow the User Instructions in regards to usability, application and contact time, and ensure all components are thoroughly rinsed with fresh, warm water and thoroughly dried before use or storage. It is important to follow the User Instruction inspection procedures supplied with each facepiece or PAPR unit and headgear to identify any damage or deterioration of components and replace them as necessary.
不管使用何种消毒剂，应遵照消毒剂的产品的使用说明，了解其适用性、应用方法和应保持的接触时间。在消毒后重新使用或储存前，应确保所有消毒的部件都经温水彻底冲洗，并完全风干。重要的是，应按照呼吸面罩或PAPR呼吸器及头面罩的产品使用说明书的指引，检查产品和部件，看是否有损坏或老化，必要时应更换。

A：The EPA lists more than five hundred antimicrobial products registered by the EPA specifically against influenza A virus.1 However, 3M has not evaluated if these products will damage the cleanable elements of the respirators. If you choose to use one of these cleaners to sanitize your respirator and its components, please be aware that it has not been evaluated with regards to compatibility with the respirator system and proceed accordingly.
答：EPA注册的适用于甲型流感病毒的抗菌产品有五百多种[1]，但3M未对这些产品是否适用于呼吸器部件的消毒进行过评价。如果您选择使用其中的一种消毒剂清洗呼吸器面罩及其部件，您需要理解的是，在未经评价的条件下，我们并不了解消毒剂与呼吸器系统之间的适用性及其结果。

A：No, sterilization processes such as ethylene oxide, radiation and steam sterilization will damage the components and should not be used.
答：不可以。灭菌过程，如使用环氧乙烷、射线和高温蒸汽的灭菌方法都会损坏呼吸器部件，不应使用。

A：For all types of respirators follow the hygiene and infection control practices established by your employer for A(H1N1) virus; or follow the infection control procedures from the World Health Organization (WHO) at

http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/swineflu/swineinfinfcont/en/index.html. Then follow the recommendations below for your specific type of respirator. Cleaning is recommended after each use. Nitrile or vinyl gloves should be worn during cleaning. It is important to follow all steps.
答：使用各类呼吸器的人员，应遵照雇主建立的甲型（H1N1）流感病毒卫生和传染控制措施，或遵照世界卫生组织（WHO）官方网站上发布的传染控制措施http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/swineflu/swineinfinfcont/en/index.html执行，然后遵照下述建议，用于具体种类的呼吸器的清洗消毒。建议每次使用后清洗呼吸器。清洗时应佩戴丁腈或乙烯橡胶手套。注意，严格遵照以下步骤操作是非常重要的。